Ligamentum venosum separates the caudate lobe and the left lobe of the liver. It is formed by the closure of fetal ductus venosus right after birth. What is the function of ductus venosus before birth? A- Carries blood to the fetus from the placenta B- Carries blood to the placenta from the fetus C- Connects … Read more
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process in which glucose is generated from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Which one of the following substrates does NOT share its carbon in glucose skeleton but rather contributes as an energy source for gluconeogenesis? A- Acetyl CoA B- Alpha-ketoglutarate C- Fumarate D- Oxaloacetate E- Succinyl CoA Answer: Acetyl CoA is an energy … Read more
1- A researcher compares a certain group of people with a disease to another group of people without that disease. What is the type of this study and what is the ratio associated with it? The study is case-control study and the ratio is Odds ratio (OR). Patients with lung cancer had higher odds of … Read more
A 37 year-old man visits his physician with complaints of sore throat, fever and muscle aches for 4 days. Throat swab is negative. His physician discussed with him the use of antibiotics in his case. The patient had read in an old magazine that one of the antibiotics is effective but the his physician explains … Read more
A 70-year-old man visits his physician for a routine physical examination. He has prostatic cancer and takes leuprolide for treatment. What is the mechanism of action of this drug? A- It is a competitive inhibitor of testosterone B- It is 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor C- It is synthetic analog of GnRH D- It is an alpha-adrenergic … Read more
A 3 year- old boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother for vomiting and bloody diarrhea for 4 days. She also noticed low urinary output in the past 2 days. He had no similar attacks in the past and his medical and family histories are unremarkable. On examination, his vital signs are … Read more