A 43-year-old man presents to his physician with a complaint of progressive difficulty in swallowing solid food. He has a 10-year history of heartburn, which increases with spicy food and is relieved by antacids. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. His weight is the same since his last visit six months ago. He is … Read more
A 57 year-old man presents to the ER complaining of sudden dizziness and heart racing for 2 hours. He is a CEO of a big corporation and those symptoms started during a stressful meeting. At first, he felt irregular heartbeats and ignored it but he felt dizzy soon after and his staff drove him to … Read more
A 40-year-old woman presents to her regular physician for evaluation of a left adrenal mass. This mass was seen by accident last week on a CT scan during a visit to the emergency room for abdominal pain. Her vital signs, physical examination, and review of systems are all normal. Her past history and family history … Read more
A 23-year-old woman represents to her physician with ptosis, meiosis and anhidrosis in the left eye. Which one of the following drugs is used to determine whether this lesion is preganglionic or postganglionic? A-Albuterol B-Atenolol C-Cocaine D-Epinephrine E-Phenylephrine Answer: This is a typical case of Horner’s syndrome. Indirect sympathomimetic drugs such as cocaine act on … Read more
A 64-year-old woman complains of low back pain for 1 week. Her pain and tenderness is localized over the lumbar spine and exaggerated by movement. Her physician prescribes a phosphonate drug. What is the mechanism of action of this drug for this patient? A- Decrease osteoclast activity B- Increase osteoblast activity C- Decrease parathormone activity D- Increase vitamin D … Read more
A 7-year-old boy has a difficult time at school. He sleeps during most of the classes and doesn’t interact with his teachers in class. He is fighting with many of his classmates because of stealing their lunches but he has never started a fight. When teachers tried to contact his family, they found out that … Read more